Crosshole Ground‐Penetrating Radar in Clay‐Rich Quaternary Deposits: Toward Characterization of High‐Loss Media

Knowing the centimeter-to meter-scale distribution of sand in clayey deposits is important for determining dominating water flow pathways. Borehole information has a high vertical resolution, on millimeter- to centimeter-scale, but provides poor lateral coverage. For highly heterogeneous deposits, such as glacial diamicts, this detailed borehole may not be sufficient creating reliable geological models. Crosshole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) can provide decimeter- variation between boreholes, mainly been used sandy environments. In study, we investigate whether crosshole GPR structural relationship diamicts and their material properties, content, bulk density, clay content. To achieve ground truth, compare data with from boreholes an excavation at field site. The was analyzed comprehensively using several wave attributes both time- frequency domain, describing signal velocity, strength, shape. We found small variations velocity (between 0.06 0.07 m/ns) large amplitude shape (either order magnitude or doubling/tripling attribute values). see that response wetter more have lower amplitudes centroid frequencies than drier sandier counterparts. Lastly, find better correlated diamicts' properties velocity.